Papilloma is a benign formation on the skin or mucous membranes caused by one of the many types of viruses in the Papovaviridae family. Human papillomavirus or HPV is the generic name for a group of unprotected DNA viruses that are spread in a variety of ways. HPV infection can occur during sexual intercourse, with microtrauma of the mucous membranes and skin, during childbirth (from the infected mother to the child).
Human papillomavirus in adults
Human papilloma infection (PVI) is relatively common. Many studies show that more than 80% of the young population are carriers of the disease. The infection, entering the body, affects the epithelium of the squamous skin and can multiply in it for many years. Its various types, affecting the mucous membranes, cause the appearance of benign conjunctival, oral and genital formations.
Papillomas in women
Infection with the human papillomavirus threatens men and women alike. But some types of pathogenic microorganisms pose a great danger to the health and life of women. Many studies show that HPV can cause cervical cancer.
Papilloma virus in pregnant women
Weaknesses of a strong immune system and hormonal imbalances can provoke active reproduction and manifestation of symptoms of the papilloma virus, which has long been inactive in the body. During pregnancy, the appearance of papillomas on the skin and mucous membranes can frighten pregnant women. In this case, the woman needs immediate consultation with a gynecologist.
HPV is not a contraindication to conception, although during childbirth there is a high probability of infection of the baby.
Papillomas in men
Papillomas in men largely do not give clinical manifestations. But men at the same time become a source of infection and infect their sexual partners. Under normal conditions of the immune system, the activity of pathogenic microorganisms is reduced to zero. But with a lack of immunity, the situation can change, and the presence of the papilloma virus in the blood will begin to be active and in some cases aggressively manifest itself.
The types of sexually transmitted infections that cause genital warts affect both men and women. HPV 16 and 18, which can cause cervical cancer in women, are rarely detected in men. Once in the body, this type of papilloma virus stays in the urethral canal for some time, after which it disappears itself due to the lack of a good environment for its reproduction. Genital warts in men can appear:
- most often in the coronal groove and frenulum of the penis;
- more rarely on the body of the penis or on the head;
- in the area of the external urethral opening;
- in the urethra itself;
- in the perianal area and in the anal canal.
Compared to women, papillomas in men rarely cause the development of cancer. The diagnosis of HPV in men is also difficult.
Human papilloma in children
Papillomas in women and men, as well as in children, affect all organs with integumental or transitional epithelium. It can be the skin, mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx, respiratory tract. Transmission of papillomavirus virus in children occurs:
- during the period of intrauterine fetal development;
- as the child passes through the mother’s birth canal;
- the manner of household relations from parent to infant;
- in teams (kindergarten, school, sports and development division).
But even if a child is infected, the papilloma virus from the body can get rid of itself after a certain period of time. If this does not happen immediately, after the onset of puberty, in many cases, papillomas on the body and mucous membranes disappear.
Papillomas on the body
The most common in children is the clinical manifestation of human papilloma in the form of normal or vulgar warts. They are usually located on the inside and back of the palms or in the knee area. But often the appearance of a papilloma with a prominent keratin surface on any part of the body. They do not cause discomfort and are not painful. With injury, such formations can begin to ache and bleed.
Papillomas in children on the laryngeal mucosa
The most common diagnosis in children, if there is a human papillomavirus in their body, is laryngeal papillomatosis. If the infection occurs during childbirth and the infection is transmitted from mother to child, its external manifestations are usually observed before the baby reaches the age of five years. The cause of laryngeal papilloma is the penetration of HPV types 6 and 11 into the child's body.
The mode of infection, the type of PVI and their manifestations
The papilloma virus is highly contagious. The mode of transmission is diverse, which significantly increases the number of people at risk. More than a hundred types of papilloma pathogens are divided by modern medicine into various types, which are characterized by their own route of transmission, external manifestations and level of danger to health.
How human papillomas are transmitted
Infection with papillomavirus can occur through sexual contact, through household use, or during childbirth, where pathogenic microorganisms are transmitted from mother to child. It is also possible that a person is self -infected with one of the papilloma viruses. Autoinoculation can occur with mechanical damage to the skin or mucous membranes, for example, during epilation.
Papilloma: the cause of infection through sexual intercourse
For papillomavirus infections, the reasons may be different. But one of the most common is sexual transmission. In addition, you can be infected not only with the vagina, but also with anal and oral sex. There are about 40 types of papilloma virus, the reason for its transmission is frequent partner changes and the onset of early sexual activity.
Domestic spread of the virus
The disadvantage of HPV is that there is a high probability of its transmission in the household. Several factors can increase the risk of contracting the papilloma virus, for different reasons, such as:
- the presence of cuts and scratches on the skin, as well as dryness of the tool that is too dry with the appearance of cracks;
- diseases that weaken the immune system (HIV infection, influenza, herpes);
- long -term use of strong -acting drugs that suppress the function of the immune system.
Infection of the baby during childbirth
Like many genital infections, the papilloma virus can be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth. Also, babies can be infected in the prenatal period. If a pregnant woman is a carrier of HPV type 6, 11, 16, or 18, the pathogen most often affects the baby’s oral mucosa. This type of papilloma infection often leads to the development of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis.
Many women mistakenly believe that having a caesarean section will help keep the baby from becoming infected. But in this case, the possibility of papilloma virus transmission still exists, and pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted through the placenta.
How is the manifestation of human papillomavirus
HPV is a group of viruses that provoke the development of benign tumors in vivo, and under certain factors that cause their malignancy. Depending on the location, the papilloma can be cutaneous or anogenital. Such neoplasms can manifest themselves:
- Common warts, characterized by a dense and rough surface with additional growth. The size of such neoplasms is from 1 mm. As a rule, their appearance is observed on the palms and fingers, in the knee area (especially in children), but such papillomas can also be found on the body. The spread of common warts is facilitated by a rapid decline in immunity.
- Plantar warts that cause certain discomfort and pain. The causative agents of such neoplasms are several types of HPV: 1, 2 and 4. In appearance, plantar formations can be confused with normal calluses. Their size is small at first. But then the papilloma grows, and additional growth may appear around it.
- Flat warts that appear in the presence of HPV types 3 and 10. in the body. Such neoplasms are practically joined to the skin, can have a round or polygonal shape. Often their appearance is accompanied by itching, redness and pain.
- Filament formation is characteristic of virus carriers that have reached the age of fifty years or more. Such papillomas can appear on the eyelids, on the body, in the armpits, etc. Its length sometimes reaches 6 mm.
- Genital warts develop against the background of HPV 6 and 11. In women, such neoplasms can be localized in the anus and on the rectal mucosa, in the vaginal wall, in the uterus and vulva, in the groin area.
Types of papilloma
The main danger of papilloma virus in men and women is that in modern medicine it is considered a carcinogenic agent. About a third of the more than a hundred types that exist affect the genitals of men and women and cause the development of genital warts.
Cancer risk classification
Non -enveloping DNA viruses can not only provoke uncontrolled division of skin cells and mucous membranes, but also contribute to neoplasm malignancy. However, not every papilloma leads to the development of cancer. Various factors can increase the chances of developing oncogenic diseases:
- earlier onset of sexual activity, frequent partner changes and preference for anal sex;
- the presence of sexually transmitted infections affecting the genitals, both women and men;
- smoking and alcohol abuse, which negatively affects the state of the immune system and stimulates the appearance of papillomas in the intimate places and other parts of the body;
- the use of intrauterine devices as contraceptives, as well as the long -term use of oral contraceptives;
- endometriosis and other diseases of the organs of the female reproductive system.
To determine the type of papillomavirus will help carry out a complete diagnosis, the need is determined by the doctor.
This type of virus is not oncogenic
Among the various types of HPV, there is a group of pathogenic microorganisms that are not harmful to health. Non -oncogenic HPV types include papilloma virus genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 5. Their presence in the body causes the appearance of various types of warts on the skin.
- Common, flat warts on the hands and soles of the feet appear when infected with HPV genotype 1.
- Virus genotype 2 leads to the appearance of flat and vulgar formations on the hands.
- HPV 3 causes uncontrolled skin cell division and the formation of flat and juvenile warts.
Low oncogenic risk viruses
Human papillomas with low oncogenic risk develop when HPV 6, 11, 42, 43 and 44 enter the body. The most common viruses are genotypes 6 and 11. They account for about 90% of all infections. This type of pathogenic microorganism causes the formation of a special type of genital papilloma - genital warts. Their location on the mucous membranes of the cervix or penis in men has a risk of malignancy of certain formations.
Papilloma viruses with a high oncogenic risk
HPV genotypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68 have a high oncogenic risk. More than 70% of infections are infections with viruses types 16 and 18. Papillomas type 18 are often found in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. This type of pathogenic microorganisms provoke the development of cancer of the cervix, anus, vagina, vulva or penis of men.
Classification of viruses by localization of manifestations
External manifestations of papilloma in women and men can be observed on the skin of open areas of the body, on the soles of the feet, as well as on the skin and mucous membranes of the intimate zone. Lesions may be localized, and in people with severe immunodeficiency, many focal neoplasms are most often observed. Once the virus enters the body, three stages of its development can be observed:
- at the latent stage, clinical manifestations of infection are not observed;
- with subclinical forms, symptoms and morphological signs are minimal;
- clinical stage indicates the appearance of papillomas, dysplasia and malignant neoplasms.
The characteristics of external manifestations depend on the type of virus infecting the patient's body.
Papilloma of the neck
Papillomas on the necks of virus carriers can manifest themselves throughout their lives. Such formations are benign, and only give a person psychological discomfort. Also, small neoplasms on skinny legs can catch clothing, injure, cause pain and bleeding. If such a problem arises, it is recommended to remove the papilloma on the neck.
Papilloma in an intimate place
Papillomas in the intimate area are called genital warts. It can be localized in women on the mucosa of the vagina or cervix, in men - on the penis. Genital warts can also develop on the anal tissue. All types of papilloma viruses that infect the genitals can be divided into:
- viruses with high oncogenic levels (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35), which significantly increase the risk of neoplasm malignancy, but do not cause genital warts;
- papilloma virus with low levels of oncogenicity (HPV 6, 11), which causes the formation of genital warts.
Papillomas on the eyelids
Eyelid papillomas most often form in adults who are carriers of HPV infection. They are usually located on the edge of the lower eyelid. Neoplasms can be cauliflower -shaped. The danger of such formations lies in their constant exposure to direct UV rays and the habit of rubbing the eyes with dirty hands. In the latter case, the risk of infection with papilloma on the eyelids is significantly increased. The color of the neoplasm can be fleshy or dark.
Papilloma: treatment and diagnosis
Once in the body, the papilloma virus can behave in different ways. The body's response depends on the type of virus itself, the state of immunity, the presence of concomitant diseases and other factors that are determined individually for each patient. So, there are three main types of behavior of the papilloma virus in the human body:
- Pathogenic microorganisms enter the bloodstream and behave passively. In this case, a person is a carrier of the virus and can infect people who are in close contact with him.
- The virus enters the body, but does not fuse into cell chromosomes, but at the same time stimulates the uncontrolled division of skin cells and mucous membranes and the formation of papillomas and warts.
- HPV penetrates cells, changes their structure and causes the formation of malignant tumors.
In each case, specific diagnostic and treatment methods are required to identify the virus.
Diagnostics of human papillomavirus
The main diagnostic type is external examination of the patient. It is relevant if the infection is indicated by the formation of papillomas (genital warts) on the external genitalia. To determine the presence of HPV and its type of help in the laboratory:
- PCR method. Such tests are very sensitive to detect infections that are at a subclinical or latent stage of development.
- Digene exam. Hybridization analysis detected 13 virus types with high oncogenic potential and 5 with low oncogenic potential. As a rule, for a more accurate diagnosis of papilloma virus, gene testing is combined with cytological studies.
In men, the diagnosis of papilloma virus is very difficult. Examination for male patients is not relevant. In this case, the diagnosis is possible only if there are clinical manifestations of external disease.
Papilloma: how to get rid of external manifestations
If a person has a papilloma on the body, the doctor will tell you how to get rid of it. Trying to cope with your own external manifestations is not worth it, because it is fraught with harmful consequences for health, especially infection. Papilloma removal is required for several reasons, namely:
- some types of papilloma can grow and become malignant over time;
- the presence of neoplasms brings psychological discomfort to the patient;
- papillomas on the body and in the intimate area can be injured and bleed.
But, despite this, only a doctor can determine the need to remove the papilloma. To do this, you should contact a dermatologist or dermatovenerologist.
Laser papilloma removal
The laser method of papilloma removal is very effective. Its use allows you to get rid of benign neoplasms quickly. Laser excision of the formation with a diameter of about 5 mm takes only a few minutes. However, in some cases it may be necessary to remove the papilloma in some stage. This procedure is performed using local anesthesia. Tissue removed by laser excision is not suitable for histology.
How to remove papilloma by radio wave method
Radio wave removal is a very painful and quick method of getting rid of papillomas. During the procedure, the neoplasm is cut at its base area. After removal, a small dark crust remains in place. Existing material is suitable for histological analysis. When deciding how to remove a papilloma without the risk of scarring, the radio wave method is the best option for patients.
Papilloma removal with liquid nitrogen
Talking about the external manifestations of papilloma and methods of how to get rid of it, one can not fail to mention its removal with liquid nitrogen, or called cryodestruction. This method of papilloma removal on the body is quite effective, but the possibility of recurrence of external manifestations still exists. During the procedure, low -temperature nitrogen affects the papilloma cells, freezing them. This method is characterized by minimal trauma and the absence of painful sensations.
Electrocoagulation
Electrocoagulation - removal of papillomas on the body with a targeted effect on neoplasm tissue with current release. This method is very efficient (80-95%). Its main advantage is that after removal of the formation from the papilloma, no trace is left. Within a week, only a small crust is left on the skin, which disappears after its expiration. You can't tear it yourself.
Drug treatment
Papilloma removal with a laser or other method recommended by a doctor is simply the solution to an external problem that causes aesthetic, psychological or physical discomfort. Methods of removing neoplasms have nothing to do with combating the papilloma virus, whose treatment requires an integrated approach.
Today, there is no specific drug for effective removal of the papilloma virus from the body and treatment of its external manifestations. The comprehensive approach to treatment practiced by medicine today is:
- papilloma removal with laser, liquid nitrogen and other excision methods from benign neoplasms;
- immunological therapy aimed at activating the body’s natural protective functions;
- strengthening the body in general, taking vitamin complexes, maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
By contacting a doctor and passing all the necessary studies, you can confirm or rule out the presence of papilloma virus in the body, learn how to get rid of the neoplasm and reduce the risk of its recurrence.
HPV and immunity
Once in the body, HPV may not show itself for a long time. Papillomas on the eyelids, neck, body or in the intimate area, which are an external expression of viral activity, appear with a sharp decline in immunity. Therefore, the risk of papillomas on the neck, skin and mucous membranes throughout the body is significantly increased by:
- infectious disease transmission or surgical intervention;
- periods of pregnancy and lactation;
- constant stress, hypothermia and other factors that negatively affect immunity;
- long-term use of certain medications;
- the presence of a genital tract infection.
All factors that weaken the immune system can contribute to the multiplication of the virus in the blood. Therefore, it is important to know not only how to get rid of papillomas, but also how to strengthen the immune system, preventing their recurrence.
Papilloma: alternative treatment
If a papilloma appears on your body, it is strictly forbidden to remove it at home. For safe and effective treatment, you need to see a doctor. The specialist will prescribe the necessary studies and, based on the results, will develop a treatment regimen. According to this scheme, under the supervision of a doctor, patients can treat the papilloma virus at home.
HPV prevention
Prevention of papilloma virus with traditional and traditional methods is to reduce the risk of infection. There is also prevention of viral multiplication in the body and the formation on the skin and mucous membranes of external manifestations such as papillomas in the intimate places, in the neck, eyelids, palms, soles of the feet, etc.
Prevention of human papillomavirus infection
Until one day you do not have to face the question of how to get rid of papilloma, you need to remember about the main steps to prevent infection with the virus. In intimate relationships with new sexual partners, the use of condoms and other contraceptives, unfortunately, does not protect the body from HPV. Only maintaining a monogamous relationship with a trusted partner can help reduce the risk of infection.
For the prevention of infection with papilloma virus, traditional methods are not as effective as traditional methods. Modern scientists have developed several vaccines that significantly reduce the risk of contracting HPV varieties with high oncogenic potential (6, 11, 16 and 18).
The most appropriate age for vaccination is between 10 and 25 years. The effect is calculated for about 6. 5 years.
Prevention of HPV manifestations
For the prevention of papilloma virus activity, alternative treatments are effective with recipes to strengthen the immune system. But before using it, consultation with a doctor is required. Also, do not forget the most effective and safe methods to enhance the body's natural protective function through sports, healthy eating, hardening.
Papilloma virus prevention at home is available to everyone. Taking care of your health, do not forget to see a doctor regularly for the purpose of prevention and strengthen your own immunity.